Nanoparticles and nanomaterials have a complex of physical, chemical properties and biological effects, which are often radically different from the properties of the same substance in the form of continuous phases or macroscopic dispersions.
Currently, the main areas of application of nanomaterials are: technology (where the creation of high-strength, including composite, structural materials, is determined by the unique properties of nanomaterials, which are different from the properties of substances in the usual (macrodispersed) form), microelectronics and optics (microcircuits, computers , optical shutters, etc.), energy (batteries, fuel cells, high-temperature superconductivity, etc.), chemical technology, military science, scientific research (labels and indicators), environmental protection (nanochips and nanosensors). In medicine, nanomaterials are used for drug transport, in suture and dressing materials, for the creation of biocompatible implants, etc. In the perfumery and cosmetics industry, nanoparticles are used as an integral part of sunscreens; in agriculture - for more efficient delivery of plant protection products and fertilizers, for nanoencapsulation of vaccines; nanoparticles are supposed to be used to deliver DNA to plants for the purpose of genetic engineering. In the food industry, nanomaterials are used in water purification filters, in the production of lighter, stronger, more thermally stable and antimicrobial packaging materials, in the enrichment of food products with micronutrients. The use of nanochips is expected to identify the conditions and terms of storage of food products and the detection of pathogenic microorganisms.
Most nanomaterials may have completely different physicochemical properties and biological effects. In this regard, they refer to materials and products of potential risk to human health and the environment nanomaterials can. This is partly why nanomaterials are not widely used in medicine and other industrial fields.
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